1.病因治疗:
骨髓增生异常综合征表现的纯红再障,治疗MDS;对于继发性纯红再障,要注意去除病因;药物相关纯红再障,应立即停用可疑药物;病毒感染导致的PRCA,应给予抗病毒治疗;恶性肿瘤、淋巴增殖性疾病引起的PRCA,治疗原发病;原发性获得性自身免疫PRCA,LGL相关PRCA,实体瘤相关PRCA,或是对其它治疗疗效欠佳的继发性PRCA,主要治疗选择为免疫抑制治疗。
2.免疫抑制治疗:
(1)糖皮质激素(CS):CS是最初用于治疗获得性PRCA的药物,尤其是对于年轻患者[1,11]。Clark等报道称CsA尚未出现之前,CS治疗获得性PRCA的疗效为37%,中位起效时间为2-5周。总体而言,CS的有效率为30-62%[5-7],常用剂量为泼尼松0.5~1.0 g/kg/d,80%的患者减药后24个月内复发[11],停药的主要原因为无法耐受的副作用,如感染、高血糖、骨质疏松及肌病,但多数复发患者(77%)再次应用CS治疗仍然有效,单用CS治疗的获得性原发性PRCA中位生存期为14年。此外,细胞毒性药物联合糖皮质激素可获得56%的有效率,虽然较强的免疫抑制治疗可以诱导多数患者缓解并且长期维持,却带来更多的风险,如感染、恶性肿瘤以及不孕不育等[11]。
(2)环孢素(CsA):环孢素A起始剂量为5mg/kg/日,有时可与30 mg/日的强的松合用,环孢素A谷浓度水平应当在150~250 ng/mL,其有效率为65%~87%。近年来CsA逐渐成为获得性PRCA(特别是特发性PRCA)的一线治疗。Raghavachar回顾性分析43例接受CsA治疗的纯红再障患者,CsA的总有效率为65%,并认为CsA应作为获得性纯红再障首选用药[15]。Mamiya等回顾性分析日本150例获得性纯红再障患者发现,CsA剂量在200-600mg之间(多数为200–300 mg),有效率为82%,CsA在原发性PRCA中有效率为87%,在继发性PRCA中有效率为73%,故推荐CsA作为PRCA的一线用药[7]。日本PRCA协作组在1990至2006年间进行了一项全国性问卷调查显示,185例患者中有73例原发性PRCA,112例继发性PRCA,这些患者的CsA与CS的有效率分别为74%,60%[13]。Means根据4个系列报道中共137例原发性纯红再障、58例继发性纯红再障患者应用免疫抑制治疗的分析发现,CS、细胞毒性药物、CsA的疗效分别为39.0%,41.0%,77.0%,CsA疗效要优于CS[12]。由于CsA存在肾毒性,应用时应监测药物浓度和肾功能。血红蛋白浓度正常后,环孢素A应缓慢减量,可能还需要维持治疗,以减少复发、成分血输注(降低铁过载、溶血、输血相关感染的发生率)。我们多中心分析比较单用糖皮质激素与环孢素A的治疗,将含环孢素A组分为单用环孢素A组及环孢素A联合糖皮质激素组,研究发现含环孢素A的方案比单用糖皮质激素可获得更高的有效率及CR率(72.6%vs 42.1%,p=0.018;52.9%vs 21.1%,p=0.017),环孢素A联合糖皮质激素组的CR率、有效率均高于单用CS组(61.3%vs 21.1%,p=0.006;71.0%vs 42.1%,p=0.043)。
(3)细胞毒免疫抑制剂:常用的细胞毒免疫抑制剂如环磷酰胺(CTX),用于CsA禁忌或无效患者、继发于LGL的PRCA,单用有效率为7%~20%,可与CS联用。初始剂量为50 mg/天,泼尼松20–30 mg/天(如无激素使用禁忌),如白细胞、血小板允许,可每周加量50mg,或每两周加量50mg,最大剂量为150mg qd,直至起效或出现骨髓抑制,中位起效时间为11至12周,总有效率为40%-60%,起效后泼尼松开始减量,然后CTX减量,直至红细胞压积恢复正常后3~4个月停药。CTX维持治疗可预防复发,但是其常见的不良反应,尤其是性腺毒性及第二肿瘤,故会更换为毒性较小的药物[16,17]。
(4)抗人胸腺/淋巴细胞球免疫蛋白(ATG/ALG):对部分获得性PRCA有效,一项研究中,10例患者使用ATG治疗PRCA:15 mg/kg/d×10d,6例(60%)患者起效,可用于儿童患者或者其他不能使用烷化剂的患者[18]。但是由于价格较贵,以及可能存在过敏反应需要住院治疗,故应用受限。
3.丙种球蛋白:
丙种球蛋白可用于HIV、细B19微小病毒等病毒感染后继发PRCA患者,也可用于应用利妥昔单抗、阿伦单抗、器官移植后应用FK506后出现微小病毒B19感染的PRCA患者[19,20,21,22]。
4.单克隆抗体:
常用的单克隆抗体包括阿伦单抗(alemtuzumab)、利妥昔单抗(rituximab)。阿伦单抗为抗CD52单克隆抗体,针对表达在T和B淋巴细胞、NK细胞、单核细胞、树突状细胞、嗜酸性细胞表面的CD52抗原[23],可应用于难治性PRCA患者,但多数患者应用阿伦单抗后需要CsA维持治疗,且有较高感染风险,阿仑单抗是否可诱导无维持用药缓解尚存在争议,故目前阿仑单抗仅用于对传统免疫抑制治疗无效的患者。利妥昔单抗为抗CD20单克隆抗体,可通过抗体依赖介导的细胞毒作用、补体介导的细胞毒作用以及直接诱导B细胞凋亡来抑制细胞增殖的方式来选择性地杀灭B细胞[24],已广泛应用于B淋巴细胞增殖性疾病及自身免疫性疾病的治疗,常规剂量为375 mg/m2×4周,利妥昔单抗起效时间最长为4周,但也有报道称对于严重、耐药、危及生命、传统免疫抑制治疗无效的PRCA患者疗效不佳[25]。
5.其他特殊类型PRCA:
(1)抗EPO抗体相关PRCA
抗EPO抗体相关PRCA主要是由于肾衰患者长期应用重组人促红细胞生成素(rhEPO)后产生抗EPO抗体,抑制红系祖细胞生长,引起PRCA,治疗上应立即停用rhEPO,给予输血支持治疗及免疫抑制治疗,首选CsA(联合或不联合CS),有条件可进行肾移植[29]。静脉应用rhEPO可能减少免疫反应,但仍会引起复发[30]。Hematide是一种合成多肽,它是一种EPO受体激动剂,Hematide与抗EPO抗体无交叉反应,可刺激红系造血,用来治疗慢性肾衰竭和肿瘤性贫血[31]。
(2)微小病毒B19相关PRCA
微小病毒B19相关的PRCA可应用静脉丙种球蛋白治疗,用法与免疫性血小板减少性紫癜相似,2 g/kg,分作5天应用[32]。静脉丙种球蛋白初次治疗有效率为90%,但有1/3患者出现复发,中位复发时间为4.3月[33]。
(3)胸腺瘤相关PRCA
胸腺瘤相关PRCA可发生于胸腺瘤之前或胸腺瘤切除后,胸腺瘤患者出现PRCA的发生率为5%,PRCA患者出现胸腺瘤的发生率为7%-10%[38,39]。胸腺瘤切除是作为胸腺瘤相关PRCA的首选治疗,但近来报道称胸腺瘤切除仅对少部分患者有效,而且很多患者是胸腺瘤切除后出现PRCA[34-36]。Thompson和Steensma[34]报道称切除胸腺瘤不足以恢复正常红系造血,需要同时进行免疫抑制治疗,常用的药物包括CS、CsA、CTX[34,37],最佳治疗方案尚不清楚,但近来有报道称CsA或者联合CsA治疗的方案可有效预防复发[36]。
(4)LGL相关PRCA
大颗粒淋巴细胞白血病(LGLL)分为T—LGL和NK—LGL两种,在美国是继发性纯红再障最常见病因,日本第二常见的病因[6,7,13]。LGL相关PRCA治疗主要为免疫抑制治疗,如环磷酰胺±泼尼松,环孢素A,或甲氨蝶呤[40-42]。其中环磷酰胺为首选,有效率为50%-75%[42,43]。但是因为环磷酰胺的相关毒性,环磷酰胺诱导缓解后可用CsA维持以预防复发。
6.难治性/复发PRCA
Sandra等报道用氟达拉滨治愈1例难治性CLL相关PRCA患者[44],Ru等也报道了合并CLL和T-LGLL的难治性纯红再障各一例,使用CD52单克隆抗体后缓解[10],提示难治性纯红再障虽对常规治疗无反应,可考虑给予较强的化疗或作用更强的细胞免疫抑制剂,达到治愈疾病的目的。对于原发性难治性PRCA,有报道提出脾切除、血浆置换、异基因造血干细胞移植对治疗获得性PRCA有效[26-28]。对于由于复发的主要原因为减药或者停药,故复发患者主要治疗为原方案加量或者更换其他免疫抑制剂治疗。日本一项全国性调查发现,在原发性PRCA的治疗中,与糖皮质激素相比,含CsA的方案可获得更长的无复发生存期,且含CsA的维持治疗可预防复发[13]。
参考文献:
1.Dessypris EN,Lipton JM.Red cell aplasia.In:Wintrobe’sClinicalHematology.11th edGreerJP,Forester J,Lukens JN,RogersGM,Paraskevas F,Glador B,Eds.Lippincott Williams&Wilkins,Philadelphia.2004,1421-1427.
2.Goldman L,Schafer AI.Aplastic anemia and related bone marrowfailure states[J].In:Goldman’s Cecil Medicine.24th ed.BagbyGC,Ed.Elsevier.2011.1083-1090.
3.Fisch P,Handgretinger R,SchaeferHE.Pure red cell aplasia[J].British Journal of Haematology.2000.111:1010-1122.
4.Sawada K,Fujishima N,Hirokawa M.Acquired pure red cellaplasia:updated review of treatment[J].British Journal of Haematology.2008.142:505-514.
5.Marmont AMet al.Therapy of pure redcell aplasia[J].SeminHematol.1991.28:285-97.
6.Lacy MQ,Kurtin PJ,Tefferi Aet al.Purered cell aplasia:association withlarge granular lymphocyte leukemiaand the prognostic value of cytogeneticabnormalities[J].Blood.1996.87:3000-6.
7.Mamiya S,Itoh T,Miura AB.Acquired pure red cell aplasia inJapan[J].Eur J Haematol.1997.59:199-205.
8.Zecca M,Stefano P,NobiliB,Locatelli F.Anti-CD20 monoclonalantibody for the treatment of severe,immune-mediated,pure red cellaplasia and hemolytic anemia[J].Blood.2001.97:3995-7.
9.Ghazal H.Successful treatment ofpure red cell aplasia with rituximabin patients with chronic lymphocyticleukemia[J].Blood.2002,99:1092-4.
10.Ru X,Liebman HA.Successful treatmentof refractory pure red cell aplasiaassociated with lymphoproliferativedisorders with the anti-CD52monoclonal antibodyalemtuzumab(Campath-1H)[J].British Journal of Haematology.2003.123:278-81.
11.Clark,A.D.,Dessypris,E.N.&Krantz,S.B.(1984)Studies on pure redcell aplasia.XI.Results of immunosuppressive treatment of 37patients.Blood,63,277–286.
12.Means RT Jret al.Pure red cell aplasia[J].Hematology Am SocHematolEducProgram.2016(1):51-56.
13.Sawada K,Hirokawa M,Fujishima Net al.PRCA CollaborativeStudyGroupLong-term outcome of patients with acquired primaryidiopathic pure red cell aplasia receiving cyclosporine A.Anationwide cohort study in Japan for the PRCA CollaborativeStudyGroup[J].Haematologica.2007.92:1021-1028.
14.
15.Raghavachar A.(1990)Pure red cell aplasia:review of treatment and proposal for a treatment strategy.Blut,61,47–51.
16.Csuka,M.,Carrera,G.F.&McCarty,D.J.Treatment of intractable rheumatoid arthritis with combined cyclophosphamide,azathioprine,and hydroxychloroquine(1986).A follow-up study.The Journal of the American Medical Association,255,2315–2319.
17.Hoffman,G.S.,Kerr,G.S.,Leavitt,R.Y.,Hallahan,C.W.,Lebovics,R.S.,Travis,W.D.,Rottem,M.&Fauci,A.S.(1992)Wegener granulomatosis:an analysis of 158 patients.Annals of Internal Medicine,116,488–498.
18.Abkowitz,J.L.,Powell,J.S.,Nakamura,J.M.,Kadin,M.E.&Adamson,J.W.(1986)Pure red cell aplasia:response to therapy with antithymocyte globulin.American Journal of Hematology,23,363–371.
19.Sharma,V.R.,Fleming,D.R.&Slone,S.P.(2000)Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus B19 in a patient treated with rituximab.Blood,96,1184–1186.
20.Song,K.W.,Mollee,P.,Patterson,B.,Brien,W.&Crump,M.(2002)Pure red cell aplasia due to parvovirus following treatment with CHOP and rituximab for B-cell lymphoma.British Journal of Haematology,119,125–127.
21.Herbert,K.E.,Prince,H.M.&Westerman,D.A.(2003)Pure red-cellaplasia due to parvovirus B19 infection in a patient treated with alemtuzumab.Blood,101,1654.
22.Wong,T.Y.,Chan,P.K.,Leung,C.B.,Szeto,C.C.,Tam,J.S.&Li,P.K.(1999)Parvovirus B19 infection causing red cell aplasia in renaltransplantation on tacrolimus.American Journal of Kidney Diseases,34,1132–1136.
23.Hale,G.(2001)The CD52 antigen and development of the Campathantibodies.Cytotherapy,3,137–143.
24.Smith,M.R.(2003)Rituximab(monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody):mechanisms of action and resistance.Oncogene,22,7359–7368.
25.Dungarwalla,M.,Marsh,J.C.W.,Tooze,J.A.,Lucas,G.,Ouwehand,W.,Pettengell,R.,Dearden,C.E.,Gordon Smith,E.C.&Elebute,M.O.(2007)Lack of clinical efficacy of rituximab in the treatment of autoimmune neutropenia and pure red cell aplasia:implications for their pathophysiology.Annals of hematology,86,191–197.
26.Freund LG,Hippe E,Strandgaard S,Pelus LM,Erslev AJ.Complete remission in pure red cell aplasia after plasmapheresis.Scand J Haematol.1985;35(3):315-318.
27.Zaentz DS,Krantz SB,Sears DA.Studies on pure red cell aplasia.VII.Presence of proerythroblasts and response to splenectomy:a case report.Blood.1975;46(2):261-270.
28.Kochethu G,Baden HS,Jaworska E,Chang J,Chopra R.Reduced intensity conditioning bone marrow transplantation for pure red cell aplasia:successful outcome but difficult post transplant course.Bone Marrow Transplant.2005;36(1):81-82.
29.Macdougall IC,Roger SD,de Francisco A,et al.Antibody-mediated pure red cell aplasia in chronic kidney disease patients receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents:new insights.Kidney Int.2012;81(8):727-732.
30.Shimizu H,Saitoh T,Ota F,et al.Pure red cell aplasia induced only by intravenous administration of recombinant human erythropoietin.Acta Haematol.2011;126(2):114-118.
31.Stead,R.B.,Lambert,J.,Wessels,D.,Iwashita,J.S.,Leuther,K.K.,Woodburn,K.W.,Schatz,P.J.,Okamoto,D.M.,Naso,R.&Duliege,A.M.(2006)Evaluation of the safety and pharmacodynamics of Hematide,a novel erythropoietic agent,in a phase 1,double-blind,placebo-controlled,dose-escalation study in healthy volunteers.Blood,108,1830–1834.
32.Frickhofen N,Chen ZJ,Young NS,Cohen BJ,Heimpel H,Abkowitz JL.Parvovirus B19 as a cause of acquired chronic pure red cell aplasia.Br J Haematol.1994;87(4):818-824.
33.Crabol Y,Terrier B,Rozenberg F,et al;Groupe d’experts de l’AssistancePublique-Hˆopitaux de Paris.Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for pure red cell aplasia related to human parvovirus b19 infection:a retrospective study of 10 patients and review of the literature.Clin Infect Dis.2013;56(7):968-977.
34.Thompson,C.A.&Steensma,D.P.(2006)Pure red cell aplasia associated with thymoma:clinical insights from a 50-year single-institution experience.British Journal of Haematology,135,405–407.
35.Suzuki,S.,Nogawa,S.,Tanaka,K.,Koto,A.,Fukuuchi,Y.&Kuwana,M.(2003)Initial predictors of development of pure red cell aplasia in myasthenia gravis after thymectory.Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery,106,16–18.
36.Hirokawa,M.,Sawada,K.,Fujishima,N.,Nakao,S.,Urabe,A.,Dan,K.,Fujisawa,S.,Yonemura,Y.,Kawano,F.,Omine,M.,Ozawa,K.&for the PRCA Collaborative Study Group.(2008)Long-Term response and outcome following immunosuppressive therapy in thymomaassociated pure red cell aplasia:a nationwide cohort study in Japan for the PRCA collaborative study group.Haematologica,93,27–33.
37.Charles,R.J.,Sabo,K.M.,Kidd,P.G.&Abkowitz,J.L.(1996)The pathophysiology of pure red cell aplasia:implications for therapy.Blood,87,4831–4838.
38.Dessypris EN.Pure red cell aplasia.Baltimore,MD:Johns Hopkins University Press;1988.
39.Hirokawa M,Sawada K,Fujishima N,et al;PRCA Collaborative Study Group.Long-term outcome of patients with acquired chronic pure red cell aplasia(PRCA)following immunosuppressive therapy:a final report of the nationwide cohort study in 2004/2006 by the Japan PRCA collaborative study group.Br J Haematol.2015;169(6):879-886.
40.Yamada O,Mizoguchi H,Oshimi K.Cyclophosphamide therapy for pure red cell aplasia associated with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders.Br J Haematol 1997;97:392-9.
41.Lamy T,Moignet A,Loughran TP Jr.LGLleukemia:from pathogenesis to treatment.Blood.2017.129(9):1082-1094.
42.Go RS,Li CY,Tefferi A,Phyliky RL.Acquired pure red cell aplasia associatedwith lymphoproliferative disease of granular T lymphocytes.Blood 2001;98:483-5.
43.Fujishima N,Sawada K,Hirokawa M,Oshimi K,Sugimoto K,Matsuda A,et al.Long-term responses and outcomes following immunosuppressive therapy in large granular lymphocyte leukemia-associated pure red cell aplasia:a Nationwide Cohort Study in Japan for the PRCA Collaborative Study Group.Haematologica.2008;93:1555–1559.
44.Sandra S,Real E,Pastor E et a1.Refractory pure red—cell aplasia associated with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia successfully treated by fludarabine.Haematologica 1999;84(12):1154—5.
大颗粒淋巴细胞与纯红再障
2023 CASH丨张晓辉教授:中国造血干细胞移
获得性纯红细胞再生障碍诊断与治疗中国专
什么药物治疗获得性纯红细胞再生障碍好?
再生障碍性贫血与淋巴细胞增殖性肿瘤间的